{
  "schemaVersion": 1,
  "id": "https://www.crosstabs.com/examples/berkeley-admissions-by-sex#dataset",
  "version": "1.0.0",
  "name": "Berkeley Admissions by Sex (1973)",
  "description": "The famous UC Berkeley graduate admissions table behind Simpson's paradox: 4,526 applicants cross-tabulated by sex and admission decision.",
  "field": "education",
  "question": "Were aggregate Berkeley admission decisions associated with sex?",
  "takeaway": "The pooled association is strong evidence of Simpson's paradox, not a stand-alone causal estimate of bias.",
  "datePublished": "2026-06-10",
  "dateModified": "2026-07-31",
  "provenance": {
    "kind": "derived",
    "citation": "Bickel, P. J., Hammel, E. A., & O'Connell, J. W. (1975). Sex bias in graduate admissions: Data from Berkeley. Science, 187(4175), 398–404.",
    "sourceUrl": "https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.187.4175.398"
  },
  "variables": {
    "row": {
      "name": "Sex",
      "categories": [
        "Men",
        "Women"
      ]
    },
    "column": {
      "name": "Admission",
      "categories": [
        "Admitted",
        "Rejected"
      ]
    }
  },
  "counts": [
    [
      1198,
      1493
    ],
    [
      557,
      1278
    ]
  ]
}